The teacher's attitudes toward the instructional process and the students, the social representations with which he operates, the way he perceives the students, his self-knowledge, his conception of the world and life, the satisfactions and personal dissatisfaction, constitute what specialists call the "hidden agenda" of the teacher or the implicit curriculum. In inclusive school practice, the attitude of the teacher occupies the main place. Measuring attitudes in inclusive schools is the starting point in building any counselling and training tools and strategies for teachers working with children with Special Educational Needs. The result of this research was to explore the applicability of the questionnaire Teacher's Attitude to the Scale of Inclusion (TAIS) in a Romanian version in a sample outlined by teachers and to validate it. Using the analysis of the main components, a four-factor structure was built for the "attitudes to inclusion" section of the revised scale: problems of including children with special educational needs (SEN) in mainstream classes; inclusion of SEN students in mainstream classes, and social benefits for all; implications of inclusion in teaching practice; and implications for addressing the needs of children with SEN. Outlining the indicators, and the guiding elements that influence the attitude are essential in completing and outlining the programs for modifying and even improving the attitude. In conclusion, the updated and revised scale for teachers' attitudes towards inclusion (TAIS) shows the promise of being a reliable and valid measure for both research and applied purposes toward.
Many authors have stressed that transforming schools into inclusive settings/environments requires strategies that align with the needs of their students and the development of teaching proposals to stimulate and encourage the participation of all students ( Florian, 2021 ). While the majority of teachers tend to agree with the idea of inclusion, its implementation in regular schools presents substantial challenges for them, as they are required not only to change their teaching methods according to the special needs of students with SEN but also to establish and maintain a high standard of teaching ( Vrăşmaş & Vrăşmaş, 2021 ) Unfortunately, even teachers who adopt a positive attitude towards inclusion cannot overcome the problems related to its implementation, due to the lack of understanding of the issues involved and the lack of relevant teaching methodologies.
This research aims to shape teacher attitudes toward inclusion for students with Special Educational Needs (SEN) in South Muntenia, Romania.
Educational policy signs of progress (UNESCO, 2000; United Nations, 2007 ) have been placed during the last 25 years of inclusive education (IE) on the global education agenda. Teachers’ competencies need to be reinforced to adopt inclusive education. According to the Profiles Enhancing Education Review (PEER) website by the Global Education Monitoring Repor (GEM Report), less than 3 % of countries have adopted an “inclusive education law” that promotes teacher training while 10% have an education law that ensures inclusion for all but does not explicitly mention teacher training on inclusive education. ( Global Education Monitoring Report, 2020 )
The number of Students with SEN within general education classrooms has risen tremendously over the last 25 years. (OECD, 2010) Research shows that teachers in inclusive classes often express dissatisfaction with the way the education system addresses their lack of basic knowledge and techniques for teaching special education. Moreover, teachers worldwide feel that they are left to face inclusion on their own, without proper training, as evidenced by research studies conducted around the globe; for example, studies have been conducted on the situation in France ( Jury et al., 2021 ), India ( Hazarika, 2020 ), Ghana ( Issaka et al., 2022 ), Finland ( Saloviita, 2019 ), Indonesia ( Qandhi & Kurniawati, 2018 ). A quarter of teachers in 48 education systems report encountering difficulties that prevent them from fully embracing inclusive policy. ( UNESCO, 2020 )
The success of inclusive schools depends to a large extent on teachers' attitudes towards inclusion and their professional knowledge of “special education”.
This research presents the Romanian version of the Teacher Attitude to Inclusion Scale (TAIS). The TAIS is a questionnaire based on Larrivee and Cook’s (1979) Opinions Relative to Mainstreaming Scale (ORMS) ( Monsen et al., 2015 ).
According to Carl Gustav Jung, attitude is a psychological position that is why, due to its complicated character, related to the development of the personality as a whole, as a self, “does not depend on instinct”. Attitude is the manner to be in one situation ( Sillamy, 1996, p. 37 ). Attitudes were defined as a relatively enduring and general evaluation of an object, person, group, issue, or concept on a dimension ranging from negative to positive. Attitudes provide summary evaluations of target objects and are often assumed to be derived from specific beliefs, emotions, and past behaviors associated with those objects (APA, n.d.) In the scales of attitudes there are several characteristics: direction, degree, intensity, coherence, effectiveness, projection. Attitude is a learned predisposition to respond favorably or not to the object of the attitude in question, according to Ajzen and Fishbein ( 1977 ). Teachers' attitudes towards inclusive education include their emotions, beliefs, and behaviors, and they can have a powerful influence over behavior. The subject has been at the center of research in recent years and shows an evolution towards acceptance of different situations, towards tolerance and inclusion in India ( Hazarika, 2020 ), Australia ( Page et al., 2020 ), Greece ( Mouchritsa et al., 2022 ), China ( Fu et al., 2021 ). Social indicators indicate that an inclusive education system determines an inclusive society ( Monsen et al., 2015 ). Inclusive education is a major challenge for the education system and means efforts to build an entire system to live well-being for all children ( Yada & Savolainen, 2017 ). According to Singh , such marks can notify strategies to implement educational policies to encourage full inclusive education across Europe. Inclusive education is considered a multidimensional concept that involves the confirmation of values related to the valorization of differences and diversity, consideration of fundamental human rights, and equal learning opportunities. Inclusive education requires the flexibility of the education system for it to be appropriate to the requirements of any student. It involves a continuous effort to identify and eliminate barriers to children's access to education, participation in the educational process, as well as the realization of academic and social strategies. In Europe there are only a few educational systems that have segregated education ( Sentenac et al., 2022 ), the tendency being to be included in mainstream education. These researches have influenced a large number of articles on the topic of attitudes of teachers or those who want to become trainers towards inclusive education. The solution of measuring teachers' attitudes in training and promoting a positive attitude towards inclusion since the initial training has led to significant influences in increasing school performance, self-esteem, learning, and success in school ( Monsen et al., 2015 ). The attitude of teachers is composed of cognitive, affective, and behavioral parts and redetermines the quality of the integration process ( Leatherman & Niemeyer, 2005 ).
Many authors have stressed that transforming schools into inclusive settings/environments requires strategies that align with the needs of their students and the development of teaching proposals to stimulate and encourage the participation of all students. ( Florian, 2021 ) While the majority of teachers tend to agree with the idea of inclusion, its implementation in regular schools presents substantial challenges for them, as they are required not only to change their teaching methods according to the special needs of students with SEN but also to establish and maintain a high standard of teaching ( Vrăşmaş & Vrăşmaş, 2021 ) Unfortunately, even teachers who adopt a positive attitude towards inclusion cannot overcome the problems related to its implementation, due to the lack of understanding of the issues involved and the lack of relevant teaching methodologies.
This research aims to shape teacher attitudes toward inclusion for students with Special Educational Needs (SEN) in South Muntenia, Romania.
During the last 20 years, globally, the policy of the developments (UNESCO, 2000; United Nations, 2007 ) has put inclusive education (IE) on the agenda to adapt and adopt reforming steps. Teachers need to be scaffolded to adopt and adapt inclusive education. According to the Profiles Enhancing Education Review (PEER) website by the GEM Report, less than 3 % of countries have adopted an “inclusive education law” that promotes teacher training while 10% have an education law that ensures inclusion for all but does not explicitly mention teacher training on inclusive education ( Global Education Monitoring Report, 2020 ).
To analyze the attitude of teachers to inclusive education
To analyze the attitude of teachers toward inclusive education taking into account:
Length of teaching experiences
Starting from the mentioned objectives, we have formulated three working hypotheses, which express correlational relationships between variables. We did not use descriptive hypotheses, the number of which could be inexhaustible, but it was preferred to carry out an exploratory approach, without prior enunciating provisional statements. However, following the stages of the research methodology, we have formulated the following correlational hypotheses:
H1: A teacher’s attitude to Inclusive Education is influenced by the level of teaching, age, gender, level of studies, length of teaching experiences
H2: A teacher’s attitude to Inclusive Education is influenced by the “level of administrative support received” and “availability of supportive services.”
H3: The teacher’s attitude to Inclusive Education is influenced by the type of student difficulty (physical, social, behavioral, learning, or emotional).
The first two hypotheses take into account the influence of the teacher and the involvement of the school staff in the preparation of the student on his school performance, and the third presupposes the existence of a significant positive correlation between the type of student difficulties. To achieve the objectives and to test the hypotheses, the method of sociological research used was the questionnaire.
This research presents the Romanian version of the TAIS Teacher Attitude to Inclusion Scale (TAIS). The TAIS is a questionnaire based on Larrivee and Cook’s (1979) Opinions Relative to Mainstreaming Scale (ORMS) and it includes four different sections. Each section is scored with a scale having eight points ( Monsen et al., 2015 ).
The first section of the questionnaire includes demographic data: age, gender, level of degree, qualification, and school. The second section aimed to identify the willingness to include children with SEN (visual, social, emotional, behavioral, and learning difficulties) using a Likert scale of one to eight points. The third section includes two variables to assess the adequacy of support “level of administrative support received” and “availability of supportive services.” Larrivee and Cook’s (1979) Items were adapted for the Romanian context. Section 4 has 31 items to measure teachers’ attitudes toward including SEN children within t mainstream schools.
A random sample of schools from the South Muntenia, Romania was invited to take part, with 200 schools initially contacted, and responses received from 324 teachers. Incomplete responses were not found, and the sample consist of 324 teachers (292 females, 32 males) date provided in Table 1. The statistical analysis was done through the jamovi program, version 1.6.23, available free of charge, on the internet, for research ( The jamovi project, 2022 ).
All 30 items in Figure 1 were coded into regression analyses in Table 8.
Is obvious in this scree plot, Figure 2, that all 4 factors mentioned before were extracted correctly. The correlation matrix tells us that four factor created from our items are correlated positively as is correlated in Table 9.
Table 9 - Correlation Matrix See Full Size >
Factor (F) 1. regarding “difficulties of inclusion of SEN pupils in mainstream classes” was interrelated with teachers’ “willingness to include” children with gifted difficulties and physical difficulties but was not correlated with willingness to include children with behavioral difficulties, physical difficulties, or hearing difficulties.
F 2 regarding “social benefits for all of inclusion of SEN pupils in mainstream classes” was significantly “correlated with teachers’ willingness to include” children with hearing difficulties, emotional difficulties, physical difficulties, visual difficulties, learning difficulties, speech and language difficulties, and multiple difficulties, but was not correlated with teachers’ willingness to include gifted children.
F 3 regarding “implications of inclusion for teaching practice” was not significantly correlated with teachers” “willingness to include” any of the categories of problems.
F 4 regarding “implications for teachers addressing the needs of children with SEN” was significantly correlated with teachers’ “willingness to include” children with behavioral difficulties and learning difficulties, but was not correlated with any of the other types of difficulties.
The attitude of teachers depends on professional experience. Teachers with 20-30 years of experience have a bigger level of the “willingness to include” SEN students in mainstream classes. Level of preparation of teachers influences attitude toward inclusive education. Type of deficiency sensory and physical disabilities and emotional, social and behavioral disabilities has a big influence on teachers’ attitude to include students with SEN.
Is important to scaffold teachers’ competencies by support, counselling, and training courses to a positive attitude towards inclusive education.
Positive attitudes toward the inclusion of children with special educational needs are essential for its successful implementation.
Thus, a high internal consistency was obtained for the 4 scales of the instrument, the Cronbach alpha coefficients being included in the range of 0.73–0.963. The factorial analysis showed a 4-factor solution, similar to the original variant of the instrument. The present study represents the first study of translation and adaptation of the TAIS Questionnaire to Romanian teachers, investigating its psychometric properties. The study, however, has certain limits. Thus, the sample, although diverse, does not fully correspond to the stratification existing at the national level based on gender, age, education, experience, and geographical distribution. At the same time, the large gender disproportion of the sample (about 10% men and 90% women) may have influenced, to some extent, the scores obtained (for socio-cultural reasons, women may be more disposed to the use of certain attitudes, compared to men), so caution is recommended in generalizing the results on other populations. Also, the conduct of a single study, with relatively acceptable values of the adequacy of the 4-factor model, is not sufficient to confirm the model; several studies are needed, on various lots, to carry out the factorial analysis, as well as to obtain indicators with increasingly better values for the adequacy of the chosen model.
The tool can be harnessed in future studies, which could focus both on investigating its properties at the national level for a better understanding of teachers' attitudes in implementing inclusive education.
